Archive for September, 2010

Nail Fungus Infection, Treatment and Prevention

Disease Prevention | Posted by admin
Sep 27 2010

Nail fungus is very common and usually appears with the toes; although it can also spread to the finger nails. It can sometimes be difficult to spot although a symptom which is pretty early to appear is a yellow discoloration of the nail.

Speaking from experience, this is not a definite sign that you have nail fungus, which is why it is important to seek medical advice. In my case it turned out to be damage of the nail root (as a result of sporting activities) which highlights this fact.

If you do have a nail fungus infection, the symptoms will progress into the nail breaking apart and the nail becoming thick. The color of the nail may also darken and become more discolored.

With the internet being such a wealthy source of information, you will more than likely find numerous remedies and treatment solutions for nail fungus. However, it is recommended that a doctor is consulted to properly diagnose the infection first and then to recommend the correct treatment required.

But how do you go about preventing nail fungus from occurring in the first place?

- Try and maintain a strong immune system and healthy body. This provides the best opportunity to fight off many infections.

- Keep your nails well maintained; clean and trimmed.

- If you have an injury to the nail make sure that you treat that injury so that nail fungus does not have an opportunity to get in.

- Keep your feet dry and cool, and make sure that they are cleaned regularly. Fungus likes to grow in warm, damp areas so make sure that any footwear and socks are also kept clean. There are powders that can be purchased that can help prevent fungal infection when applied to footwear.

If you think that you may have fungal nail infection, make sure you book an appointment to see your doctor as soon as you can. Don’t put it off until next week or next month. The sooner you start treatment the sooner the infection can be removed. It is also important to maintain the treatment provided to you by a doctor if it is determined that you have fungal nail infection. The infection may require treatment for some time (months), so it is important that you are committed to staying with the treatment routine.

There is nothing to be ashamed about if you have a fungal nail infection. It is a common occurence that millions of people suffer from. Many people will put off seeking professional help as a consequence of this but it is important not to do so.

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Healthcare products from online pharmacy

Clinical Pharmacology | Posted by admin
Sep 26 2010

Health care is an important and necessary thing. But what if you do not have enough time for visiting usual real-life drugstores? In this case you will be interested in internet purchase of the necessary medicines.

Statistics shows that there are more than half of Internet users in the USA who are interested in the medical information such as information about doctors, illnesses, and also about work with online drugstores. This trend is developing dynamically as internet drugstores have possibility to enlarge the potential consumer circle easily, to create new directions for medicament sales.

The main assortment of online drugstores – rare drugs, and also vitamins, means against depressions and general strengthening means. Such medicines are often sold without a prescription from physician, and thats why their sales are absolutely legal and safe.

If you have decided to make your purchase in internet drugstores first time, dont worry: you will be able to read all important information.

Internet drugstore web-sites are usually simple in navigation, and ordering of medical products takes just a few minutes. All goods are separated based on categories that also simplifies search and allows to be guided easily among all variety of drugs. Internet drugstores usually give detailed information about medicine characteristics.

Web-sites of online drugstores dispel all possible fears of potential buyers, giving answers to the basic questions. So, the buyer will receive information about online-drugstore agreements and with what insurance fund they were signed, terms of delivery of ordered medical products, drugstore specialization, and as well information about what certificates pharmacists of the internet drugstore have.

The positive thing of such drugstores is constant communication with a potential consumer. Internet drugstore networks constantly run sociological questionnaires concerning quality of products, drug effect, and also convenience of delivery system. In case the buyer is not satisfied with purchased medicines, he can easily claim it.

The most important problem for owners and employees of internet drugstores is to provide full safety of their buyers. Therefore among provided assortment you will not find the medicines which usage has not been confirmed by the special commission.

Internet drugstores aspire to recreate possibilities of usual drugstores for in-home buyers as much as possible. For this reason there are such services as a free online consultation, helping to choose medical products, and a professional description of medicines. Similar services are provided by the certified pharmacists.

For many buyers the possibility to compare price-lists of different online drugstores is also very important. By means of simple search you can find a drug at best cost. The main task for the buyer is to choose necessary medicines and to make order. The rest of service will be entirely provided by employees of online drugstores, and also services which will be engaged in order delivery.

Internet drugstore – a successful way of pharmaceutical business expansion and a new buzz word in health service and informing.

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Laxatives You Find In The Drugstore

Leading Medication | Posted by admin
Sep 25 2010

A laxative is defined as,

A substance that is used to promote a bowel movement when you are constipated.

Laxatives work by starting and stimulating peristaltic action. Peristaltic action is a wave like movement that occurs throughout your gastrointestinal tract esophagus, stomach, small intestine, colon that helps move your food into your stomach, through your intestines, through your colon, and out your rectum.

There are drugstore products, natural occurring foods, special nutrients, liquid preparations, herbal substances, and homeopathic liquids that have laxative effects. I do not recommend using drugstore laxatives or any other form of drugs to clear a constipation problem.

All my recommendations are for using natural foods, minerals, special nutrients, or herbal products. And some of these natural methods should also be used only for the time it takes to clear your constipation.

Recommendation: You should use Drugstore laxatives or drug laxatives only under Doctors recommendations.

There are no safe drugstore laxatives. These laxatives are habit-forming and work by desensitizing your colon. Their use can irritate nerves and muscles along the intestinal lining, interfere with digestion and adsorption, cause cramps, deplete fluids, and create other physical internal problems.

Laxatives can enlarge and seriously damage your colon when used for a longtime. Eventually, after continual use, you will not be able to have a bowel movement without using them.

If you have been using laxatives for a long time, you will have to retrain your colon to activate peristaltic action. This training will have to be done under the care of a medical practitioner. If you are tempted to use drugstore laxatives remember that,

Laxatives bought in drugstores are of questionable safety. Because of the action these laxatives have on the small intestine and colon, doctors and other health practitioners recommend their limited use since they,

* have chemical side effects that affect your health

* produce an active force that can damage nerves that control the muscles in your colon walls

* desensitizes your colon so your natural peristaltic action is reduced

* become habit-forming

* rush food through your intestines so it does not digest and absorb nutrients or minerals properly

* kill friendly bacteria, unless they are fiber foods

* contain preservative, coloring, and other additives that are unhealthy.

* Remove excessive fluids and electrolytes from your body.

Recommendation: Never use a laxative, Drugstore or Natural, when you have acute abdominal pain, especially if the pain is on the lower right hand side, where the appendix is located. See your doctor right away.

Using Laxatives for the wrong reason can be life threatening.

If you use drugstore laxative, use them for just the time needed to clear your constipation. Then starting looking at what it takes to stop your constipation from occurring.

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Gingivitis Symptoms and Treatment

Medication Effects | Posted by admin
Sep 23 2010

Periodontitis (gum disease) is a common human affliction, affecting one third of all adults, and over half of the population over the age of 50.

Symptoms
Gingivitis symptoms can include: swollen gums, redness of the gums, tenderness when the gums are touched, tenderness when chewing, pus around the teeth, or a bad taste in the mouth. A common gingivitis symptom is noticeable accumulations of tartar or plaque on the teeth. Another common gingivitis symptom is blood on the toothbrush while brushing teeth. When gingivitis symptoms are advanced, the disease often spreads to the bony tissues, which are located under the gums and support the teeth. In later stages of periodontal disease, the teeth can become loose and severely infected with pus that oozes out from around the sockets.

Gingivitis treatment is very effective if the disease is caught in time. The most effective gingivitis treatment or gum disease treatment is to prevent gingivitis and gum disease from getting started. Gingivitis treatment begins with regular daily brushing of the teeth to remove plague and tartar. Scraping of the tongue is also important to remove bacteria. Many people overlook these important parts of oral hygiene, but they are essential for gingivitis treatment.
Gingivitis treatment, including treatment for receding gums, bleeding gums, canker sores, and other problems of the teeth and gums, does not have to be an arduous task

Treatment
Non-antibiotic approach for treating the underlying infection responsible for periodontal disease. After routine scaling, the dentist will apply the compound directly into the periodontal pockets and around the gum line of affected teeth. The compound quickly penetrates the plaque preferentially binding to multiple structural components in bacteria, including their toxic secretions. Laser light is then applied directly to the affected sites using a fiber optic probe. A powerful free-radical reaction destroys the targeted bacteria and the associated toxins such as collagenase.
Periowave is a revolutionary new adjunctive treatment bringing the power and ease of photodynamic disinfection to the treatment of periodontal diseases. The patented process was developed by Professor Michael Wilson and colleagues at the Eastman Dental Institute, London, England and is licensed to Ondine Biopharma Corporation by UCL Biomedica PLC, University College London.

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Most Say the Flu Vaccine Shortage Caused Small Impact

Disease Prevention | Posted by admin
Sep 21 2010

Everyone remembers the headlines: “Half of U.S. Flu Vaccine Withheld,” “Communities Agonize Over Flu Vaccine Distribution,” “Doctors in Frantic Quest for Flu Vaccine.”

A few months after the vaccine crisis began in 2004, a survey by The Quigley Corp., makers of Cold-Eeze, found that 68 percent of Americans thought the media and government overemphasized the impact and import of the shortage. While nearly half of the respondents thought this year’s cold and flu season was more severe compared to years past, 41 percent blamed it on a decrease in healthy habits while just 33 percent blamed the vaccine crisis.

The Quigley Corp. survey also found that nearly two-thirds of the respondents, or 62 percent, thought the workplace is where they are most likely to contract a cold or the flu. There might be some truth to this: Americans lose 126 million workdays each year due to the common cold. The Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine reported that the economic cost of this lost productivity approaches $25 billion.

Other findings of The Quigley Corp. survey:

* Forty-six percent of respondents would rather work on Saturday than be at home with a cold. Twenty-five percent would rather do their taxes, while 18 percent say speaking in public is more appealing.

* Eighty percent think it is better for office morale if a worker stays home when he or she is sick.

* Michael Keaton’s “Mr. Mom” character edges out Clair Huxtable from “The Cosby Show,” 34 percent to 32 percent, as the TV or movie mother whom respondents would most like to care for them when they are home sick. Teri Hatcher’s Susan Mayer from ABC’s “Desperate Housewives” came in third with 17 percent of the votes.

* Brad Pitt was the male celebrity most respondents (27 percent) would choose to care for them, while Angelina Jolie was the female superstar (10 percent).

The Quigley Corp. conducted the e-mail survey of more than 5,000 consumers during the week of Feb. 28, 2005.

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Ivermectin as a Reliable Oral Medication for Severe Cases of

Leading Medication | Posted by admin
Sep 19 2010

Ivermectin as a Reliable Oral Medication for Severe Cases of Scabies

Scabies is a skin condition caused by infestation with microscopic parasite mites. Although it can be acquired by anyone, scabies has the highest incidence in very young children and the elderly. Scabies is highly contagious and it can cause serious endemics in overcrowded orphanages, nursing homes and asylums. Due to their limited mobility, infants and elderly people are the most exposed to acquiring scabies during outbreaks. On the premises of a weak immune system, scabies can lead to serious bacterial or fungal infections, causing serious complications.

Most of the symptoms of scabies occur due to allergic reactions to the mites secretions and eggs. Once they find a human host, female mites burrow within the epidermis and lay their eggs, causing pruritic rashes, skin inflammation and severe itch. Later symptoms include pustules, blisters and linear burrows.

People with compromised immune systems experience more intense symptoms of scabies and they present a higher risk of developing complications. When suffering from scabies, people with underlying immuno-deficitary conditions are very exposed to developing serious skin disorders such as impetigo. In addition to the common symptoms of scabies, people with weak immune systems can develop prominent skin lesions, nodules and crust.

Common topical creams for external use are usually ineffective in overcoming severe forms of scabies. While commonly used medications such as permethrin and lindane can eradicate the mite infestation in most people affected by scabies, patients with HIV and the elderly dont respond well to such forms of treatment. Administered to immuno-compromised patients, lindane can sometimes cause serious neurotoxic reactions. Thus, dermatologists usually recommend oral medications to people who suffer from severe forms of scabies and people with hypersensitivity to topical creams.

One of the most effective oral drugs used in the treatment of scabies has proved to be ivermectin. This strong oral medication can effectively overcome severe forms of infestation with mites such as crusted scabies. Although ivermectin has various side-effects, this type of oral medication is better tolerated than lindane or other topical medications for external use. In present, ivermectin is a reliable alternative to topical creams in the treatment for scabies. Ivermectin is cheaper and more effective than other oral medications as well. Thanks to its strong curative properties, ivermectin can eradicate the infestation with scabies mites in a shorter period of treatment, thus minimizing eventual side-effects. Furthermore, ivermectin can also diminish the chances of a second infestation.

In present, ivermectin is still an experimental drug and it hasnt yet been approved for extended use. However, research results indicate that this type of oral medication has very few side-effects and it can be safely used in the treatment of scabies.

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Hairy Drug Test

Clinical Pharmacology | Posted by admin
Sep 16 2010

Employers in the last decade found it hard to rely on drug testing to ensure that they are hiring employees that are free from banned substances. However, the adoption of more stringent rules and restrictions at drug test sites and laboratories have made it harder for drug users to cheat. The variation of drug testing programs also allow choices and more certainty about the test results.

Urinalysis has been the most common and often used drug testing method. However, this is also the easiest to trick and cheat. Diluting urines with water or other colorless fluid is enough to make the drug traces virtually undetectable. To reinforce security on this kind of testing, most companies and drug testing laboratories prefer on-site specimen collection. A drug test technician either visits the site to collect and test samples from workers or candidates for testing visit the laboratories where their urines are collected and tested immediately. Candidates are not allowed to leave the testing room until the test is finished. This ensures that the urine samples collected are not tampered or diluted. However, on-site collection is awkward especially for women because the candidates are actually supervised while collecting their samples. The testing of oral fluid or saliva is also implemented but not popular. Though oral fluid can be collected easily and are not susceptible to alteration, results based on this test are still suspicious. This is because drug traces in saliva can be undetectable after a day. Hence, if a user stops taking drugs a day or two before the test, he may be given a negative mark and pass the test.

Newer technology in drug tests now allow for hair testing. In the present, this is regarded as the most foolproof drug test. Drug residue from drug use, whether ingested or injected, remains inside the hair cuticle. Even if the user bleached, colored, or cut his hair, the residue would still be present and can be detected. This is also very popular since the collection of samples is not difficult and possible without embarrassing the tester and the candidate. Candidates do not need to worry about ruined hairstyles since the snips are done in inconspicuous places and are not noticeable. The latter kind of drug testing are also more cost-efficient for employers. Though the fees for the test is pricier than urinalysis, the company saves more because hair testing can effectively weed out drug abusers from the company’s ranks. This is because a drug-dependent employee cost a company as much as $10,000 in terms of unproductivity, absences, and benefits. They are usually the perpetrators of office theft. Plus, the employees would be deterred from using drugs because they know that is cheat-proof. All in all, investing in drug and hair testing are worthy expenses for the employer.

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Four Drug Free Ways to Lower Blood Pressure

Medication Effects | Posted by admin
Sep 14 2010

Blood pressure is the force of blood against the walls of the arteries, the vessels that carry blood away from the heart. It is normal for your blood pressure to fluctuate during the day. When it stays high, you have high blood pressure, or hypertension. This increased pressure puts a strain on your heart that could lead to a heart attack. It also affects other organs in the body like the kidneys and brain. There are literally hundreds of prescription medications for treating blood pressure but certain lifestyle changes can also have beneficial effects on blood pressure.

According to The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, over 90% of Americans have or will have hypertension in their lifetime. When blood pressure reaches 115 over 75, the damage to the body has just begun. For every 20 over 10 increase, the damage actually doubles. According to a national survey, 70% of Americans are aware of their high blood pressure, 59% are being treated, and 34% have it under control.

Eating foods that are low in saturated fats, low in total fat, and low in cholesterol can reduce blood pressure. A well balanced diet of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and low fat dairy products should make up the majority of your eating plan. Be sure to ease into any change in eating regimen. Sudden changes can cause bloating and diarrhea, lessening your chance of sticking with it. The lowered pressure effect of this dietary change is often the same as taking a blood pressure medication.

Maintaining a healthy body weight reduces your chances of developing hypertension. The best way to control body weight is to eat less calories and exercise more. Proven calorie reduction techniques include eating smaller portions, using low fat or fat free products, and limiting sugar intake. Exercising just 20 to 30 minutes a few times a week can produce dramatic results. The physical activity can include anything like walking, bicycling, or gardening. Simply getting your body in motion and keeping it in motion for a period of time is all you need.

Reducing sodium in your diet is another way to keep the pressure down. The average American should consume no more than 2.4 grams of sodium per day. For someone with high blood pressure, your doctor may recommend 1.5 grams or less of sodium. Processed and pre-packed foods usually contain a high amount of sodium. After a high sodium meal, many people have a bloated feeling due to excess water retention. This extra volume increases the blood pressure. Salt substitutes are available but be sure to check with your doctor before using any of them. Most contain potassium which reacts with certain medications.

Drinking an excess amount of alcohol can raise your blood pressure. It also harms the liver, brain, and heart. Alcohol is also high in calories, which can that lead to weight gain. If you drink, be sure to have a moderate amount. This is defined as one drink a day for women and two drink a day for men.

None of these lifestyle changes will work unless you stay on them. Americans must change how we view blood pressure. This disease is much more prevalent than previously thought. The sooner action is taken, the better.

An excellent resource for blood pressure reduction techniques is found at the National Institute for Health website at www.nhlbi.nih.gov/hbp/index.html.

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Instant Drug Testing Methods & Procedures

Leading Medication | Posted by admin
Sep 12 2010

Drug testing involves many different methods and devices that detect whether or not a person has been using drugs or is currently under the influence. Drug testing products are available for home and office use that help concerned parents or employers find out the truth about their teen or employees. Likewise, drug testing procedures assist employers in creating a workplace drug testing program that ensures the safety and wellbeing of their employees while still protecting their rights.

On Site Drug Testing

Substance abuse testing works by means of testing a sample from an individual to find out if drug use has occurred. On site drug testing is typically best for the office and workplace environments as the results can be obtained quickly and action can be taken immediately. On site drug testing can occur in a number of ways. Urine drug testing is the most common drug testing products. It works great as an on site drug test because after a sample is taken, test results are typically available within a few minutes.

Saliva (oral) drug testing is also a convenient means of substance abuse testing. After a collector sponge is saturated in the donors saliva, it is placed in a testing device from which results can be read. Spray drug testing is also convenient, but not quite as effective as other drug testing products. Lastly, hair drug testing is probably one of the most accurate drug testing products on the market. While it requires a laboratory to obtain results, this form of on site drug testing requires only a few strands of hair follicles as sample.

Drug Testing Procedures

Creating a drug testing program can be a viable option for employers who wish to increase productivity, lessen the likelihood of jobsite accidents and insurance claims, and maintain a safe working environment for all. In order to organize drug testing procedures for the workplace, it is advisable to seek legal counsel to ensure your companys program does not violate any federal or state laws or individual rights. Additionally, a clearly written workplace drug testing policy and procedure is required in order for the program to be carried out smoothly. An effective on site drug testing policy will detail when and where the drug testing procedures will be carried out, who will be conducting the tests and disciplinary action to be expected should an individual test positive for an illicit substance.

Another important aspect to take into consideration during the planning stages of drug testing procedures is when drug testing will take place. Deciding on whether or not you will enforce random drug testing, pre-employment screening or only suspicion-based testing gives you as an employer a better idea of how many testing kits required for a given year.

Drug Testing Products

Drug testing products are efficient and effective at screening for drug use. As an employer, it is vital to choose a drug testing product that is easy to use as well as accurate.

Parents also benefit from drug testing products that provide on site results. If you suspect your teen is using drugs, a simple urine drug test after they get home from a party will provide the answers you need. Substance abuse testing used to be reserved to laboratories, but now, anyone can conduct a drug test in order to create a safer and healthier environment for all.

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Major Discovery: How Carcinogens Cause Cancer

Disease Prevention | Posted by admin
Sep 12 2010

The current belief in medical research holds that most cancers are caused by exposure to carcinogens, and that carcinogens cause cancer by damaging DNA. However, the huge effort and billions of dollars invested by the NIH, private foundations, and pharmaceutical companies in searching for damaged DNA in cancer has produced few discoveries and little benefits to the public. The reason for this limited success is very simple. The cause of most cancers is not damaged DNA.

Hunting for Genetic Mutations and Cancer
A little background:
1. What is a gene? A gene is an assembly line that produces a protein. A gene is made out of DNA.
2. What are proteins? Proteins are the major building blocks of cells.
3. What is a mutated gene? A mutated gene is a modified assembly line. A modification can take many forms, such as removing an essential part of the assembly line, replacing an important part with junk, etc. Very rarely a mutation is beneficial to the organism (X-Men, Evolution, Lance Armstrong?). In all other cases, a mutated gene is considered damaged DNA.

Current belief:
What is the cause of cancer? The word cause has two meanings. The first refers to the elements in the environment which impact our body, for instance, tobacco, x-ray radiation, asbestos, other chemicals, etc. These elements are called carcinogens. Today, hundreds of substances are classified as carcinogens. The other meaning of the word cause refers to the internal element of the body, which is the first to collapse under the attack of the carcinogens. Let’s call this element our “Achilles heel.”

The current belief in medical research holds that most cancers are caused by exposure to carcinogens, and that carcinogens cause cancer by mutating genes. In other words, according to the current belief, the structural integrity of our genes is our Achilles heel, and therefore, the first internal element to collapse under the attack of the carcinogens. This belief is so ingrained that the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), an institute at the NIH, recently stated that “all cancers are based on genetic mutations in body cells.” Moreover, a search on PubMed, the search engine for scientific papers in life science, with the keywords “Mutation” AND “cancer” produced 86,490 papers and 12,238 reviews. Mutation hunting is also a big business. Look at the NIH budget allocated to discoveries of genetic mutations, the number of biotech companies chasing genetic mutations, the magnitude of the licensing agreements between biotech and pharmaceutical companies aimed to utilize newly discovered genetic mutations, and the number of stories in the media on genetic mutations and their so-called “link” to disease. However, this huge effort and billions of dollars has produced few discoveries and little benefits to the public. The reason for this limited success is simple. The cause of most cancers is not a genetic mutation. Our Achilles heel is not the structural integrity of our genes.

The story of the BRCA1 gene is a typical example of mutation hunting.

The Mystery of BRCA1
Genes, in general, produce proteins, which are the building blocks of cells. The concentration of proteins is tightly regulated. A mutated or physically altered gene produces an abnormal concentration of its protein, which may lead to disease. In 1994, Mark Skolnick, PhD, discovered the BRCA1 gene (BRCA1 is short for BReast CAncer 1). Following the discovery, scientists observed an abnormally low level of the BRCA1 protein in breast cancer tissues. The BRCA1 protein is a cell cycle suppressor, which means that the protein prevents cell replication. This observation created a lot of excitement. At the time, scientists believed that they were on the verge of finding the cause of breast cancer. The reasoning was that breast cancer patients must have a mutated BRCA1 gene, that is, a defected BRCA1 assembly line, which would explain the decreased production of the protein, and the excessive replication of breast cancer cells in tumors.

In the United States, 180,000 cases of breast cancer are diagnosed each year. However, the BRCA1 gene is mutated in less than 5% of these cases. In more than 95% of breast cancer patients the gene is not mutated, the assembly line is not defected.

So here is the mystery. If the gene is not mutated in the great majority of the breast cancer patients, why are the tumors showing low levels of the BRCA1 protein? Today, this is one of the biggest mysteries in cancer research.

The BRCA1 gene is not unique. Many normal (perfect shape, non-mutated) genes exhibit a mysterious abnormal (increased or decreased) production of proteins in cancer. Moreover, studies also report abnormal gene expression of normal genes in other diseases, such as atherosclerosis, obesity, osteoarthritis, type II diabetes, alopecia, type I diabetes, multiple sclerosis, asthma, lupus, thyroiditis, inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and graft versus host disease.

According to Dr. Raxit J. Jariwalla in his European Journal of Cancer paper: (Jariwalla RJ. Microcompetition and the origin of cancer. Eur J Cancer. 2005 Jan;41(1):15-9): “The prevalent view of the nature of cancer holds that it is a complex genetic process resulting from the progressive accumulation of mutations in specific cellular genes, such as proto-oncogenes or tumor-suppressor genes, leading to perturbations in processes involving signal transduction, cell cycle regulation, and/or apoptosis. Genetic instability in tumors has been known for decades, however, the role of genomic instability in causing and promoting tumor growth remains controversial. Furthermore, although many studies report abnormal gene expression in cancer cells, often, no mutations or chemical modifications are observed around the locus of the dysregulated gene(s), suggesting that a genetic alteration is not the initiating event of cancer.”

So, if a genetic alteration (also called genetic mutation or damaged DNA) is not the initiating event of most cancers, what is this event? And how do carcinogens produce this initiating event? You can find the answers to these questions at http://www.causeofcancer.org/

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